|
| ||
|
PUBLICACIONES RESUMENES |
|
|
_________________________________________________________________________________
Efecto de la procedencia geográfica y de la fertilización en la fenología del brote terminal en plántulas de Pseudotsuga sp.
Acevedo R., J.J. Vargas H., J. López Upton y J. Velázquez M. 2006. Agrociencia 40: 125-137.
Con el propósito de evaluar las implicaciones del uso de germoplasma fuera de su hábitat natural y en la producción de plantas en vivero, se evaluó la influencia de la procedencia geográfica, así como el efecto de la fertilización, sobre las características fenológicas del brote terminal en plántulas de Pseudotsuga sp. obtenidas de semillas procedentes de siete poblaciones de diferentes regiones del país. Los resultados mostraron una variación significativa (p≤0.01) entre poblaciones en las fechas de inicio y terminación y en la duración del período de crecimiento del brote terminal, con diferencias de siete semanas entre las poblaciones extremas. El rompimiento de la yema terminal se correlacionó negativamente con la altitud del sitio de origen (r=−0.78), sugiriendo una relación adaptativa con la temperatura umbral requerida para iniciar el crecimiento del brote. Aunque no se encontró un patrón geográfico bien definido, las poblaciones del norte de México tienen una estacionalidad de crecimiento del brote diferente a las del centro de México. Además, las poblaciones del centro de México presentaron menor heterogeneidad individual en los eventos fenológicos asociados al crecimiento del brote. Al utilizar una dosis elevada de fertilización se adelantó la fecha de inicio del crecimiento en 10 d y se retrasó la formación de la yema Terminal en 9 d, aumentando el período de crecimiento del brote en casi tres semanas y reduciendo la heterogeneidad de los eventos fenológicos.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Indicadores reproductivos en poblaciones naturales de Picea mexicana Martínez.
Flores López, C., J. López-Upton, y J., J.J. Vargas-Hernández. 2005. Agrociencia 39(1): 117-126.
Con el propósito de determinar la viabilidad de las poblaciones a largo plazo y las necesidades de manejo para su conservación, se evaluó la capacidad reproductiva en las tres poblaciones naturales de Picea mexicana en México. Se analizó la producción de semillas en muestras de conos de 78 y 41 árboles de las cosechas 1999 y 2001, respectivamente. Se encontró una variación significativa de las características reproductivas tanto entre poblaciones como entre árboles dentro de ellas. A nivel de población los parámetros reproductivos fueron similares de un año a otro. La población de La Marta, N.L. presentó mayor tamaño de conos y mayor proporción de semillas llenas, peso de semillas y eficiencia reproductiva que la de Mohinora, Chih. y El Coahuilón, Coah. En todas ellas se encontró un alto índice de endogamia (0.73-0.84), una baja eficiencia de semilla (0.09-0.18) y una alta proporción de óvulos abortados (0.36-0.47). La presencia de incendios y el pastoreo, junto con la reducida capacidad reproductiva ponen en alto riesgo a Picea mexicana, por lo que es necesario establecer varias acciones para su conservación in situ y ex situ.
Palabras clave: Picea mexicana, producción de semillas, endogamia, viabilidad de poblaciones, conservación in situ.
In order to determine the long term viability and management practices required for conservation, the reproductive capacity of the three natural Mexican populations of Picea mexicana was evaluated. Seed production traits were analyzed on cones samples from 78 and 41 trees collected during 1999 and 2001, respectively. Significant variation in reproductive traits was found both among and inside populations. At the population level, reproductive traits were similar from year to year. Population at La Marta, N.L. showed bigger cones, higher proportion of filled seeds, heavier seeds and higher reproductive efficiency than the Mohinora, Chih. and the Coahuilón, Coah. All of them showed high inbreeding index (0.73-0.84), low seed efficiency (0.09-0.18) and high proportion of aborted ovules (0.36-0.47). In addition to the low reproductive capacity, the frequency of wildfires and grazing impose high risks to Picea mexicana, so several actions for in situ and ex situ conservation are required.
Key words: Picea mexicana, seed production, inbreeding population viability, in situ conservation.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Barajas R., J.E., A. Aldrete, J.J. Vargas H. y J. López U. 2004. Agrociencia 38(5):545-553.
Por medio de la poda química de raíz podemos mejorar el sistema radical de las plantas en los viveros. Sin embargo, no se tiene información de su efecto sobre la distribución radical y crecimiento de los árboles en campo. En la presente investigación se planteó el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la poda química de raíz aplicada en vivero sobre la distribución espacial del sistema radical de Pinus greggii a tres años de haberse establecido en campo. Los árboles podados químicamente presentaron una mayor biomasa radical con diferencias significativas (p < 0.05) respecto a las plantas no podadas. La biomasa de raíces decreció con el aumento de distancia desde el tronco, con la mayor cantidad en los primeros 25 cm de distancia del tallo. Sin embargo, con excepción del peso de raíces gruesas (> 2 mm) en la profundidad de 0 – 20 cm, los tratamientos de poda no modificaron la distribución radical con relación a la orientación a partir del tallo, implicando que la distribución espacial de la raíz fue relativamente uniforme entre los tratamientos de poda.
Palabras clave: Pinus greggii, poda química de raíz, distribución de raíces, raíces finas, raíces gruesas.s
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Tree growth and d13C among populations of Pinus greggii Engelm at two contrasting sites in central México.
García-García, R., A. Gómez, J. López-U., J. Vargas-H and William R. Horwath. 2004. For. Ecol. Manag. 198: 237-247. http://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S0378112704002750
Trees at the ME site showed elevated d13C content of 2.67 ‰ compared to the HU site. Differences between sites in d13C were explained by differences in precipitation and altitude, which influenced water status and gas exchange processes in the different populations. Changes in soil water potential during the dry season matched differences in d13C observed at both test sites. At the site level, significant correlation between d13C and mean annual temperature were observed only at the HU plantation. Correlations for the HU site significantly improved when temperatures of the driest period of the year were considered. No significant correlation between d13C and annual precipitation among populations was found at the two sites. Comparing the three populations at each site, correlation between d13C and diameter increments in a five-year period was significant only at the ME site with the PI population showing the highest correlation. Differences in wood d13C were consistently detected for the two contrasting environments. Tree growth in diameter and d13C were correlated only at the dry ME site. The results indicate that the wood 13C signature provides a good integral index for Pinus greggii Engelm. population screening for dry sites.
Key words: 13C/12C, subtropical pines, Mexican pines, water use efficiency, forest plantations.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Variación morfológica y anatómica en poblaciones mexicanas de Pseudotsuga.
Reyes H., V.J, J.J. Vargas H., J. López U. y H. Vaquera H. 2004. Acta Botánica Mexicana 70:47-67
Con base en características morfológicas y anatómicas de conos, hojas y ramillas se evaluó el patrón geográfico de variación en poblaciones naturales del género Pseudotsuga en México. Las muestras de órganos vegetativos y reproductivos se colectaron en un total de 293 árboles procedentes de 19 localidades de las diferentes regiones geográficas en las cuales se distribuye el género en nuestro país. Se analizaron los caracteres considerados como importantes desde el punto de vista de la sistemática, de tal forma que fueran útiles para tratar de esclarecer los límites de los taxa de este género en México. El análisis de varianza mostró que existe una fuerte diferenciación entre las poblaciones en la mayoría de variables consideradas, con 22 a 92 % de la varianza total a este nivel. La región geográfica de procedencia tuvo un papel importante en la separación de las muestras, lo que implica la existencia de ecotipos diferentes de Pseudotsuga en el territorio de la República. Debido a que la variabilidad atribuible a los taxa putativos fue menor que la correlacionada con las regiones geográficas, se concluye que no existen bases morfológicas suficientes para separar las especies de Pseudotsuga propuestas para México con anterioridad.
Palabras clave: componentes de varianza, diferenciación morfológica, ecotipos, México, Pinaceae, Pseudotsuga, taxa putativos.
Using morphological and anatomical traits of cones, leaves and branchlets, the geographic pattern of variation was evaluated in natural populations of Pseudotsuga in Mexico. Vegetative and reproductive samples were collected from a total of 293 trees in 19 populations located throughout the native range of this genus in Mexico. Characters considered as important from a taxonomic point of view were included in order to verify the taxonomic boundaries of the components of this genus in the region. A strong differentiation among populations was detected for most morphological and anatomical traits, with 22 to 92 % of the phenotypic variation residing at this level. The geographical region of origin had an important role in the separation of samples, suggesting the presence of geographic ecotypes of Pseudotsuga in Mexico. Given the fact that differentiation associated with putative taxa was much lower than differentiation associated to geographic regions, it is concluded that there are no morphological bases to separate the Pseudotsuga species that have been proposed earlier for Mexico.
Key words: ecotypes, Mexico, morphological differentiation, Pinaceae, Pseudotsuga, putative taxa, variance components.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Composición isotópica de carbono y crecimiento de Pinus greggii Engelm. en vivero.
R. García García, A. Gómez Guerrero, J. López Upton, J.J. Vargas Hernández. 2003. Agrociencia 37: 467-475.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Natural populations of Douglas-fir in Mexico: Current status and needs for conservation.
Vargas H., J.J., J. López U., V.J. Reyes H., F.A. Domínguez A., M. Mápula L. 2003. In: Proc. Symposium of the North American Forest Commission, Forest Genetic Resources Working Group, and the International Union of Forest Research Organization (IUFRO). Quebec City, Canada. Sept. 21. 2003. pp: 26-36.
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) is one of the most economically important and widely distributed species in Western North America. It has been extensively studied over most of its northern range, from British Columbia through the Pacific Northwest and the Rocky Mountains. However, little is known about the status of the southern populations of Douglas-fir in Mexico; yet, they might be particularly important as reserves of genetic resources for the more northern populations in light of predicted changes in global climate. A strong morphological differentiation was found among Mexican Douglas-fir populations, with the geographical region of origin having an important role in their phenotypic grouping.
Populations from Central Mexico were separated from those in the NW and NE regions of Mexico. Sorensen’s similarity index confirmed the ecological differentiation between central and northern populations of Douglas-fir. Reproductive success (ratio of sound seed to seed potential) was relatively low (15 to 30 %) for most populations, particularly for those from Central Mexico, with 65 to 80% of seed empty, suggesting high levels of inbreeding, pollination problems, or both. Given this situation, the lack of natural regeneration, and the strong human pressure to change land use, the needs for conservation of these Douglas-fir populations and their valuable genetic resources are discussed.
Key words: Pseudotsuga menziesii, genetic resources, differentiation, reproductive success, inbreeding, in situ conservation, Mexico
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Parámetros genéticos y eficiencia de la selección temprana en Pinus ayacahuite Ehren. var. ayacahuite.
Farfán V., E.G., J. Jasso M., J. López U., J.J. Vargas H. y C. Ramírez H. 2002. Rev. Fitotecnia Mexicana 25(3):239-246.
Con el propósito de evaluar la eficiencia de la selección temprana en Pinus ayacahuite Ehren. var. ayacahuite, se estimó el control genético en el crecimiento en altura y diámetro de los árboles en edades de 3 a 13 años, así como las correlaciones genéticas edad-edad en un ensayo con 42 familias de polinización libre. En el ensayo se incluyeron dos grupos de poblaciones, un grupo del Sur de México y otro de Centroamérica. En ambas características se presentó una amplia variación genética, tanto entre grupos como entre familias dentro de grupos. La heredabilidad individual para la altura total y el diámetro a la base del fuste varió de 0.31 a 0.54 con la edad; y a nivel de familia de 0.71 a 0.83. Además se encontró una fuerte correlación genética entre la altura y el diámetro a la base (rGxy = 0.90) a los 13 años de edad, por lo que al utilizar la altura o el diámetro como criterio de selección a esa edad, se obtiene prácticamente la misma respuesta. Las correlaciones genéticas edad-edad para las características evaluadas a diferentes edades (3, 4, 5 y 13 años) fueron altas en general y ascendentes con el tiempo (de 0.72 a 0.78 para altura y de 0.75 a 0.85 para el diámetro). Debido a lo anterior, la selección temprana (a los 3 años de edad) tendría una eficiencia cercana al 60% con respecto a la respuesta de la selección directa a los 13 años de edad.
Palabras Claves: Ensayo de progenies, heredabilidad, correlación genética, correlación edad-edad, respuesta correlacionada.
To evaluate the efficiency of early selection in Pinus ayacahuite Ehren. var. ayacahuite, genetic control and age-age genetic correlations for total height and ground-line diameter were assessed on trees at ages 3 to 13 years. Two groups of populations, one from southern Mexico and the other from Central America, with a total of 42 open-pollinated families were included in the trial. Both traits showed broad genetic variation between groups of populations and among families within groups. Individual-tree heritability for height and ground-line diameter ranged from 0.31 to 0.54, while family heritability ranged from 0.71 to 0.83. At age 13, height and diameter were highly correlated genetically (rGxy = 0.90), thus either of them could be used as selection criteria for growth. Age-age correlations for both traits were high and increased with age (0.72 to 0.78 for height and 0.75 to 0.85 for ground-line diameter). These results suggest that early selection (at 3 years of age) would be about 60% as efficient as the result of selection at age 13.
Key Word: Progeny test, heritability, genetic correlation, age-age genetic correlation.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Effects of cultural treatments and genetics on tip moth infestation of loblolly pine, slash pine, and some slash pine hybrids.
López-Upton, J., G.M. Blakeslee, T.L. White y D.A. Huber. 2000. Forest Genet. 7(4): 275-286.
Seven taxa, including open-pollinated families of improved Pinus taeda (PTA), improved (PEE) and unimproved P. elliottii var. elliottii (PEU) and four hybrid families, PEE × PTA, PEE × P. caribaea var. bahamensis (PEE × PCB), PEE × P. caribaea var. hondurensis (PEE × PCH), and the backcross PEE to PEE × PCH, were tested in 11 field tests in the lower Coastal Plain of the southeastern USA. Each field test included 16 families per taxon and two silvicultural treatments, intensive (fertilizer, weed control and insecticide applications) and less intensive. Tip moth attacks were less frequent in the intensive treatment. In both treatments, tip moth incidence was highest during the first year, declining to a very low level after the third growing period. The Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana, was the most commonly encountered species.
PTA and its hybrid with slash pine (PEE × PTA) were more frequently attacked than other taxa. All other taxa showed few tip moth attacks. Family differences in frequency of attack were not detected in PTA. Estimated heritability for tip moth resistance was very low.
Key words: Pinus taeda, Pinus elliottii, Pinus caribaea, hybrids, Rhyacionia, tip-moth resistance
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Variación morfológica de plántulas e influencia del pH del agua de riego en doce poblaciones de Pinus greggii Engelm.
López-Upton, J., A. Mendoza H. J.J. Vargas H. J. Jasso M. y A. Gómez G. 2000. Madera y Bosques 6(2): 81-94. http://www.ecologia.edu.mx/publicaciones/myb/indice.htm
Plántulas de 16 meses de edad de Pinus greggii se estudiaron bajo condiciones de invernadero para determinar si existe variación geográfica en relación a la acidez del suelo. El estudio incluyó cinco familias de polinización libre de cada una de 12 poblaciones probadas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas tanto a nivel de poblaciones como a nivel de familias en los días para emergencia, color del follaje y altura total. Se determinó una clara separación de las poblaciones en dos grandes grupos, uno de la parte norte y otro de la sur de la distribución natural de la especie. Estos resultados concuerdan con la información recientemente reportada de la descripción de una nueva variedad de P. greggii. Además se observó un control genético de alto a moderado en altura total y en el color del follaje, lo que posibilita una selección temprana a nivel familial e individual de las mejores poblaciones.
Palabras clave: Pinus greggii, var. greggii, var. australis, procedencias, ph del suelo, heredabilidad.
A greenhouse study on sixteen-month-old seedlings of Pinus greggii was carried out to determine whether geographic variation exists in relation to soil acidity. The study included five open-pollinated families from each of twelve populations. Significant differences were found both among and within populations for seedling emergence, leaf color and total height.
A pattern was detected in relation to geographic location. Northern populations as a group showed different treatment effects than the southern populations. This result agrees with information recently reported in the description of a new variety of the species. Seedling height and leaf color were found to be under genetic control which may be useful for early selection of families within superior provenances.
Key words: Pinus greggii, var. greggii, var. australis, provenances, soil pH, heretability.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Variación en el patrón de crecimiento en altura de cuatro especies de Pinus en edades tempranas.
Salazar G., J.G., J.J. Vargas-Hernández, J. Jasso M., J.D. Molina G., C. Ramírez H. y J. López U. 1999. Madera y Bosques 5(2):19-34.
A New Variety of Pinus greggii (PINACEAE) in Mexico.
Donahue, J.K. y J. López-Upton. 1999. SIDA Contribution to Botany. 18(4):1083-1093.
Se describe una nueva variedad de Pinus greggii. La variedad australis es endémica del centro-este de México, y abarca la distribución austral de la especie. La variedad greggii representa la poblaciones localizadas en el norte de su distribución natural. A new variety of Pinus greggii is described. Variety australis is endemic to east central Mexico and represents the southern disjunct region of the natural range of the species. Variety greggii represents the northern populations of the species. Based in the results of other studies and observations, the author believe that trees from southern populations located in the states of Hidalgo, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí y Veracruz constitute a separate taxon treated as follow:
|
Pinus greggii Engelm. ex. Parl. var. australis Donahue & Lopez var. nov. Type: MEXICO. Queretaro: Mpio. Landa de Matamoros, El Madroño, 21° 16’ N, 99° 10’ W, 1690 m, 19 May 1993, Donahue & Lopez Upton b30 (holotype: MO) Varietas australis ab Pinus greggii var. greggii distinguibilis est foliis elongatis, flavovirentibus, cum stomatibus plus per 3 mm longitudione, interdum canalibus resiniferis internis uno vel duobus, et terpene compositis myrcene altis et longifolene demissis, et endemicis ad Mexico centralis. |
The variety australis has leaves in fascicles of 3, 10-15 cm long, 1.0-1.3 mm wide, with 36-41 stomata per 3 mm leaf length. Resin canals are 3-4(-6) in number, predominantly medial, and occasionally 1-2 internal. Cone length is 8-13 (-14) cm and cone widths are 3-5 cm. Seeds are 5-7 mm in length and 3-4 mm wide. Seed wing length is 11-16 mm, and width is 6-8 mm.
The variety greggii has leaves in fascicles of 3, 7-12 cm long, 1.2-1.4 mm wide, with 34-37 stomata per 3 mm leaf length. Resin canals are (2-)3-4(-6) in number, medial. Cone length is 8-12 cm and cone widths are 3-5 cm. Seeds are 5-8 mm in length and 3-4 mm wide. Seed wing length is 13-16 mm, and width is 5-7 mm. Esta variedad habita naturalmente en los estados de Coahuila y Nuevo León.
![]() |
A comparison of leaf characteristics of A) Pinus greggii var. greggii from La Tapona, Nuevo León, and b) P. greggii var. australis from El Madroño, Querétaro. The trees are growing in Lousiana, USA, produced from seed from the corresponging native stands in México. |
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
López-Upton, J. T.L. White, D.A. Huber. 1999. Silvae Genetica 48(6): 303-313. http://www.bfafh.de/inst2/sg48pdf.htm
Seven taxa, including open-pollinated families of improved P. taeda (PTA), improved (PEE) and unimproved P. elliottii (PEU) and four hybrid's families, PEE x PTA, PEE x P. caribaea var. bahamensis (PEE x PCB), PEE x P. caribaea var, hondurensis (PEE x PCH), and the backcross PEE to PEE x PCH, were tested in eight field tests in the lower Coastal Plain of the southeastern (northern Florida and southern Georgia) USA. Each field test included 16 families per taxon and two silvicultural treatments, intensive and less intensive. Results at three years of age indicated that PTA was the best taxon, and PEE was next. PEE x (PEE x PCH) and PEE x PCB were less affected by cold damage and taller than PEE x PCH, and had height growth similar to the PEE families. All slash x Caribbean hybrids were more susceptible to fusiform rust than PEE. The PEE x PTA hybrid was intermediate for rust incidence and height growth to the PEE and PTA parental species, but mean values were closer to PEE. Taxon ranking for height growth was not affected by cultural treatments, but differences increased in the intensive treatment. Outstanding healthy trees were detected in all hybrid taxa. Larger hybrid heritabilities (h(h)(2)) and more within hybrid family variability for height compared to within families of parental species were detected and this may be exploited by selection within hybrid families to find outstanding recombinants. If these early results are confirmed in later years, the technique of reciprocal recurrent selection does not hold much promise since it is based on operational deployment of the F1 hybrids and none of the hybrids tested here outperformed the current pure taxa being deployed (PEE and PTA). The excellent individual trees within hybrid taxa might be useful for breeding purposes in hybrid programs that combine genes from the hybrids back with the parental PEE and PTA species in various combinations to form synthetic taxa.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Effects of Site and Intensive Culture on Family Differences in Early Growth and Rust Incidence of Loblolly and Slash Pine.
J. López-Upton, T.L. White and D.A. Huber. 1999. Silvae Genet. 48(6): 284-293. http://www.bfafh.de/inst2/sg48pdf.htm
Eleven field tests with two silvicultural treatments (intensive and less intensive) with open -pollinated families of improved P. taeda, and improved and unimproved P. elliottii were established by the Cooperative Forest Genetics Research Program in the Lower Coastal Plain of the southeastern USA. Results for third-year fusiform rust infection indicated highly consistent family rankings across sites (rB-site=0.90) and across management intensities (rB-treat=0.97). Single-site heritabilities for rust in the binary scale (h2B 0,1) and in the underlying scale (h2B und=0.29) were not affected by site nor by the increase in management intensity.
For third-year height growth, family rankings were less influenced by environmental differences among treatments (rB-treat=0.87) than by differences among sites (rB-site=0.57). These early results imply that stable rankings for height may be expected as cultural intensity increases. However, a few families were more responsive to culture than others. Differences in susceptibility to fusiform rust and seedling quality caused some instability in height rankings across sites. The intensive culture had a smaller site by family interaction (higher rB-site value) than less intensive culture, meaning family ranking for height were more stable across sites for intensive culture.
In the intensive treatment, additive variance was reduced by 6% and environmental error decreased by 25%. This resulted in higher heritability for the intensive treatment as compared to non-intensive treatment (h2B = 0.3 vs. 0.2, averaged over all three taxa and all sites). The higher heritability for height growth in the intensive management treatment implies that genetic gains from progeny testing are higher in intensive culture. Further, the higher heritability in the intensive culture along with little GxE between treatments (rB-treat=0.87) implies that progeny testing with intensive culture could have advantages for operational deployment in either culture.
Keywords: Pinus elliottii; Pinus taeda; cultural intensity; heritability; GxE; type B genetic correlation; early growth; rust resistance; genetic gain
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Species differences in early growth and rust Incidence of Loblolly and Slash Pine.
J. López-Upton, T.L. White and D.A. Huber. 1999. For. Ecol. Manag. 132 (2-3 ): 211-222.
Eleven field tests with two silvicultural treatments (intensive and less intensive) with three taxa (improved and unimproved P. elliottii and improved P. taeda) were established by the Cooperative Forest Genetics Research Program in the Lower Coastal Plains of the S.E. USA. Results from assessment at three years-old indicate that P. taeda is consistently taller with less rust incidence than P. elliottii in both intensive and less intensive cultures. The early superiority of P. taeda was only partially due to its lower rust incidence. The more intensive silvicultural treatment increased third-year height growth and also height differences among taxa on all sites. A slight increase of rust incidence was produced by increasing intensive management (29.2 to 33.6 %). The increase in cultural management did not alter the ratios of infection percentages of any two taxa. The ratios of any two taxa, one to another, were essentially constant across all sites and in both silvicultural treatments. Significant genetic gain from breeding for rust resistance was detected at this age for P. elliottii. When 50% of unimproved P. elliottii trees were infected, 36.8% of improved P. elliottii trees were infected. For height growth, improved material was 4% and 8% taller than unimproved P. elliottii in less intensive and intensive treatment, respectively.
Keywords: Pinus elliottii; Pinus taeda; culture intensity; realized gains; early growth; rust resistance.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Allozyme Variation in the Mexican Closed-Cone Pines.
Ramírez H., C., J.J. Vargas H., and J. López-Upton. 1998. In: International Foundation for Science (IFS), Recent Advances in Biotechnology for Tree Conservation and Management. Florianópolis, Brasil. 15-19 Sept. 1997. pp: 89-93.
Genetic diversity at 15 loci was studied in the five closed-cone pines fromm Mexico and Central America: Pinus patula, P. tecunumanii, P. greggii, P. pringlei and P. oocarpa with the exception of P. pringlei, which showed the lowest values of polymorphism, all other species appeared to have similar levels of genetic variation to other North American pines studies so far, with average values of polymorphism between 53 and 67%. However, a broad range ingenetic variation estimates was found among populations within single species. In all species, there was at least one population whit a polymorphism lower than 40% and an expected heterozygosity (he) less than 0.11. Genetic distances between pairs of species varied from 0.010 (P. patula and P. tecunumanii) to 0.051 (P. oocarpa and P. greggii). The species were separated into two groups; the first group clustered P. patula, P. tecunumanii and P. greggii, whith an average genetic distance of 0.021 among them; the second group clustered P. oocarpa and P. pringlei with a genetic distance of 0.018. Average genetic distance between species from the two groups was about twice that of the genetic distance between species within the same group.
Key Words: Pinus patula, P. tecunumanii, P. oocarpa, P. pringlei, genetic diversity, enzyme, polymorphism, heterozygosity.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Estimación de parámetros genéticos en estimación de parámetros genéticos en dos ciclos de crecimiento de Gliricidia sepium.
Marín Q., M., J.J. Vargas H., J. Jasso M. y J. López U. 1999. Ciencia Forestal (México) 24(86): 21-35.
En un ensayo de procedencias y progenies de Gliricidia sepium establecido en el estado de Veracruz, México, se estimó el control genético (heredabilidad) y las correlaciones fenotípicas y genéticas existentes entre las características de altura, producción de biomasa y arquitectura de la planta, en dos ciclos de crecimiento. Las heredabilidades tanto a nivel individual como de las medias de familias disminuyeron considerablemente del primero al segundo ciclo. Las correlaciones genéticas y fenotípicas entre las características de crecimiento en altura, diámetro y biomasa de la planta en los dos ciclos fueron positivas. En este caso, la selección de las mejores familias sin considerar a las procedencias de origen, podría dar una respuesta adecuada a la selección.
Palabras clave: Gliricidia sepium, prueba de progenie, heredabilidad, correlaciones genéticas, estabilidad, selección.
In a Gliricidia sepium provenance and progeny trial established in the state of Veracruz, México, the genetic control (heritability) and phenotypic and genetic relationships between height, biomass production and plant architecture were estimated through two growth cycles. Heritabilities, both at the individual and family-mean levels, decreased significantly from the first to the second cycle. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between height growth, diameter and plant biomass in both cycles were positive. In this case, selection of the best families, regardless of provenance, could give an adequate response to selection.
Key words: Gliricidia sepium, progeny test, heritability, genetic correlations, growth stability, selection.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Variación intraespecífica en el patrón de crecimiento del brote terminal de Pinus greggii Engelm.
López A., J.L., J.J. Vargas H., C. Ramírez H. y J. López U. 1999. Revista Chapingo serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente 5(2):133-140.
En agosto de 1994 se estableció en Patoltecoya, Puebla, un ensayo de procedencias y progenies de Pinus greggii Engelm., con el propósito de evaluar la variación intraespecífica en características del crecimiento y adaptación de los árboles. En el experimento se incluyeron 5 familias de medios hermanos en cada una de las doce procedencias, en un diseño experimental en bloques completos al azar con arreglo en parcelas divididas y con cinco repeticiones.
A los 33 meses de la plantación, se encontró una variación significativa (p0.001) entre y dentro de las procedencias en altura y diámetro de los árboles, así como en el número de ciclos de crecimiento y la longitud promedio de éstos. Las procedencias sureñas de Zimapán, Hgo., Molango, Hgo., y El Madroño, Qro., presentaron los mayores crecimientos en altura y diámetro, mientras que las procedencias norteñas de San Juan, Coah. y Los Lirios, Coah., presentaron los valores más bajos. Las diferencias en el crecimiento en altura entre las procedencias del Norte y del Sur se debieron tanto a diferencias en el número de ciclos de crecimiento como en la longitud promedio de éstos. La heredabilidad a nivel de medias de familia fue relativamente elevada (h2>0.50) para todas las características evaluadas, excepto en el número de ciclos de crecimiento que mostró una heredabilidad de 0.35. La heredabilidad a nivel individual fue mucho más baja para el número y longitud de los ciclos de crecimiento(h2 =0.15) que para el crecimiento en altura y diámetro (h2 >0.30). Al evaluar la variación inter e intrapoblacional en el número y longitud de las unidades de crecimiento en uno de los ciclos de crecimiento de 1997, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las procedencias en el número y longitud promedio de las unidades de crecimiento, pero no entre las familias dentro de las procedencias. De acuerdo con el análisis de senderos efectuado, el número de unidades de crecimiento tuvo una mayor influencia sobre la longitud total del ciclo que la longitud promedio de las unidades tanto a nivel de procedencias como de familias e individuos. Por tanto, el número de unidades de crecimiento podría ser usada en un programa de mejoramiento.
Palabras clave: Ensayo de procedencias/progenie. Pinus greggii Engelm. Variación genética. Patrón de crecimiento en altura.
On August 1994, a provenance/progeny test of Pinus greggii Engelm. was established in Patoltecoya, Puebla, with the purpose of evaluating the level of intraespecific variation in growth and adaptive traits. In this field test, five half-sib families of 12 provenances were included in a split-plot experimental design with five replications. At 33 months after planting, a significant variation (p0.001) was found both between and within provenances in height and diameter growth, as well as in number and average length of growth cycles. Southern provenances (Zimapán, Hgo., Molango, Hgo., and El Madroño, Qro.) had higher height and diameter growth than northern provenances (Las Placetas, N.L., Los Lirios, Coah., and San Juan, Coah.). Differences in height growth between southern and northern provenances were due to differences in both number and average length of growth cycles. Family-mean heritability values were relatively high (h2 >0.50) for all growth traits evaluated but number of growth cycles, which had an heritability of 0.35. Individual-tree heritability for number of growth cycles was also much lower (h2 =0.15) than for the other traits (h2 >0.30). When inter and intrapopulation variation in number and length of stem growth units for one of the growth cycles in 1997 was evaluated in a sample of populations and families, significant differences were found for both components at the population level, but not at the family level. Path analysis showed, however, that the number of growth units has greater influence on length of growth cycles than the average length of growth units. Therefore, number of growth units may be used in a breeding program.
Key Words: Provenance/progeny trial. Pinus greggii Engelm. Genetic variation. Shoot growth pattern.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Seed production of Pinus greggii Engelm. in natural stands in Mexico.
J. López-Upton and J.K. Donahue. 1995. Tree Planters´ Notes 46(3): 86-92.
Se colectaron 5 conos por 117 árboles provenientes de 12 sitios ampliamente separados de la distribución natural de Pinus greggii Engelm. para examinar su potencial y eficiencia en la producción de semilla. En promedio se detectó 65 semillas por cono. La eficiencia de semilla (relación de semillas llenas por óvulos fértiles) de P. greggii fue de 63% en promedio. Se encontraron diferencias en las características de producción de semilla en relación al origen geográfico así como entre árboles. Los árboles del sur, estados de Hidalgo y Querétaro, tuvieron mayor potencial de semillas (117 vs. 91 semillas/cono) y produjeron más semillas llenas por cono (74 vs. 56) que los árboles de los rodales del norte, Coahuila y Nuevo León. Los árboles del área septentrional tuvieron más óvulos abortivos de 1er año por cono (42 vs. 32) y tres veces más semillas dañadas que los árboles de los rodales durante 1993. La eficiencia en la producción de semilla de P. greggii parece ser alta en comparación con otras especies de pinos. El número de semillas llenas y la eficiencia es mayor en los rodales del sur (var. australis) que en los rodales del norte (var. greggii). Los rodales que crecen en áreas con menor disturbio por actividades humanas y que crecen bajo condiciones óptimas, tuvieron mayores cantidades de semilla llenas. El Madroño (del sur) y La Tapona (norte) tuvieron las más altas eficiencias. Ambos rodales son de los más grandes y homogéneos de sus respectivas regiones. Los rodales que se ubican en los extremos de elevación y de valores de precipitación media anual produjeron las menores cantidades de semillas. No debiera haber problemas en ele establecimiento de huertos semilleros dentro del área de distribución natural. En la región norte es posible la aparición de daños por insectos, por lo que se deberá realizar actividades de monitoreo.
Five cones of Pinus greggii Engelm. were colleted from each of 117 trees at 12 widely separated sites in Mexico to examine their seed potential and efficiency. In average 65 filled seed were found per cone. Seed efficiency (full seeds/fertile ovules proportion) of P. greggii in natural stands was 63% range wide. Differences were found in seed-yield traits related to geographical location. Trees in southern region, states of Hidalgo and Quéretaro, had greater seed potential (117 vs. 91 seeds/cone) and produce more filed seeds per cone (74 vs. 56) than trees in northern stands, Coahuila and Nuevo Leon. Trees in northern stands had more first-year aborted seeds per cone (42 vs. 32) and three times more insect damaged seeds than tress in southern stands in 1993. Seed efficiency for P. greggii appears to be high in comparison with other pine species. Sound seed production and seed efficiency is higher in southern stands (var. australis) than in northern stands (var. greggii). Stands that were least disturbed by human activities, and growing under optimum conditions, had higher amounts of filled seeds. El Madroño (a southern site) and La Tapona (north) had the highest seed efficiencies. Both stands out as large, homogeneous stands in their respective regions. Areas at elevation and precipitation extremes produced fewer sounds seeds. Adequate seed production in seed orchards located in its natural range should no be a problem. In northern stands may have problems by insects in seed orchards, so monitoring will be necessary.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Selección familial por tolerancia a sequía en Pinus greggii Engelm. I. Evaluación en plántula.
López U., J. y A. Muñoz O. l99l. Agrociencia. Serie Fitociencia. 2 (2): 111-123.
Se efectuó un proceso de selección familial por tolerancia a sequía en plántulas entre y dentro de 196 familias de Pinus greggii (var. australis) de medio hermanos. Se utilizaron 40 plántulas de ocho meses de edad por familia probándose bajo el sistema de Riego-Sequía, evaluando su supervivencia, vigor, intensidad del color verde y crecimiento. Se seleccionaron 36 familias como tolerantes a la sequía, y dentro de ellas los 200 individuos. Las familias tolerantes superaron a las susceptibles en supervivencia (61 vs. 21%), vigor intensidad de color verde, más transpiración antes de PMP, pronta recuperación después de la sequía, aunque menor altura bajo riego. Al parecer la estrategia de adaptación a la sequía incluyó principalmente la menor altura de las familias tolerantes antes de la sequía, aunque hubo familias con individuos tolerantes con gran altura.
Palabras clave: Pinus greggii, resistencia a sequía, selección familial.
A process of inter and intra family selection by drought tolerance was carried out in seedlings of 196 half-sib families of Pinus greggii (var. australis). Forty seedlings eight months-old per family were simultaneously tested through irrigation and drought stress conditions. Seedling evaluation was based on survival, vigor, green color intensity and height. Two hundred seedlings from 36 families were selected as drought tolerant. A comparison of drought tolerant vs. drought susceptible seedlings showed a significant superiority of the first group over the second in terms of survival (61 vs. 21%), vigor, green color intensity, higher transpiration before PWP, early recovery after drought, but lower seedling height under irrigated conditions. The main adaptation of these seedlings to drought appears to be a lower height of the tolerant families, although there were families with seedlings with superior height.
Key words: Pinus greggii, drought resistance, family selection.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abril 2005